Kurzfassung

In recent years was a discussion about policy in foreign trade. Administration of the United States argued that other countries practiced an unfair policy in foreign trade. To pick up several countries here, Germany and China, Mexico, and Canada. In particular, Germany is criticized because of a high surplus in foreign trade. “They are selling their Mercedes and BMWs but do not buy American cars”. The threat of the Americans is to put duties on the imports of German cars. What are the...In recent years was a discussion about policy in foreign trade. Administration of the United States argued that other countries practiced an unfair policy in foreign trade. To pick up several countries here, Germany and China, Mexico, and Canada. In particular, Germany is criticized because of a high surplus in foreign trade. “They are selling their Mercedes and BMWs but do not buy American cars”. The threat of the Americans is to put duties on the imports of German cars. What are the consequences of US-duties on steel for car production? Is car production too costly now? (Rose and Sauernheimer 1992) (China is criticized because of subsidies to sell more products and the economy is not open for American companies. Also, The USA is afraid of the usage of personal data to monitor US citizens (Case of TikTok). US-Administration wanted to bring jobs back to the USA e.g. in the steel industry. In the case of Mexico and Canada, the USA had a Free Trade Agreement called NAFTA. But also, this was unfair in the eyes of the USA. USA, Mexico, and Canada negotiated a new Free Trade Agreement and this is now called USMCA. The USA aimed to have more products in the States and thus also jobs.
In Germany is a discussion about the Chinese policy of buying companies and critical know-how.
Foreign Trade and Payments Act and Foreign Trade and Payments Ordinance are amended to have more control over the mergers of Chinese companies.

Does that mean companies have to invest more in foreign countries to avoid additional duties or other restrictions (non-tariff trade barriers)? Will that lead to the next level of Globalization, change from Trade in Foreign goods to Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Trade in Services.
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